Geysers are periodically gushing hot springs common in areas of modern or recently defunct volcanic activity. With an explosion and roar, a huge column of boiling water, shrouded in thick clouds of steam, flies up, sometimes reaching 80 m. The fountain beats for a while, then disappears, the clouds of steam dissipate, and peace sets in.
Geyser operation diagram. Water under hydrostatic pressure in underground voids gradually heats up above 100°. When it reaches a critical temperature, it boils. The resulting steam noisily ejects from the geyser, carrying boiling water with it.Some geysers emit water very low or only spray it. There are hot springs that look like puddles in which the water boils with bubbles. Usually around the geyser there is a pool or shallow crater several meters across. The edges of such a pool and the adjacent area are covered with deposits of silica contained in boiling water. These. the deposits are called geyserite. Near some geysers, cones of geyserite up to several meters high are formed. Before the eruption begins, the water rises, slowly, fills the pool, boils, splashes out, then a fountain of boiling water flies up high with an explosion. Immediately after the geyser erupts, the pool is cleared of water, and at the bottom you can see a channel filled with water - a vent that goes deep into the ground. Geysers occur in areas of modern or recent volcanism. With one geyser eruption, more than 1000 liters of water can be thrown out to a height of up to 60 m. |
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Geysers are a very rare and beautiful natural phenomenon. They are found in Kamchatka, in one of the regions of Tibet at an altitude of 4700 m, in Iceland, New Zealand and North America. Small single geysers are found in some other volcanic areas of the globe. In the eastern part of Kamchatka, south of Kronotsky Lake, the Geysernaya River flows. This river begins on the lifeless slopes of the extinct Kikhpinych volcano and in its lower reaches forms a valley up to 3 km wide. In this valley there are many hot springs, hot and warm lakes, etc.
About 20 large geysers are known here, not counting small ones that splash water up just a few centimeters. The soil around them is warm and sometimes hot. Many geysers are surrounded by deposits of multi-colored geyserite, which sometimes cover large areas. For example, near the largest geyser in Kamchatka, the Giant, which throws out a fountain several tens of meters high, a geyserite area of about a hectare has formed. It is all covered with sagging in the form of small stone roses of grayish-yellow color. Nearby is the Zhemchuzhny Geyser, so named for the shape and color of the geyserite deposits. Sugar Geyser is surrounded by beautiful deposits of soft pink geyserite. This is a pulsating source. Water splashes out of it in even bursts. Geyser Pervenets is located on a rocky hot platform almost on the very bank of the Shumnaya River, not far from the mouth of Geysernaya. The Pervenets pool, with a diameter and depth of about one and a half meters, is surrounded by large blocks of stones. If you look into it immediately after the eruption, you will see that there is absolutely no water in it, and at the bottom you can see a hole or channel that goes obliquely into the depths. A few minutes later, a rumble is heard from underground, similar to the noise of a motor: water begins to rise through the canal, gradually filling the pool. It boils, reaches the edges of the pool, rises higher and higher, splashes out, and finally, with an explosion, an obliquely directed column of boiling water bursts out, shrouded in thick clouds of steam, a fountain 15-20 m high beats for 2-3 minutes, then disappears, the steam dissipates .
Iceland has long been famous for its hot springs, boiling rivers and geysers. In the valleys of most of its rivers, rising clouds of vapor from boiling springs and geysers are visible. They are especially numerous in the southwestern part of the island. The famous Big Geyser with a pool diameter of about 18 m is interesting. The smooth bottom of the pool in the center turns into a rounded vent about 3 m in diameter, similar in shape to the bell of a pioneer forge. The eruptions of the Great Geysir are very beautiful. They are repeated every 20-30 hours and last about 3 hours. The height of the fountain reaches 30 m. Residents of harsh Iceland use hot springs to grow vegetables and fruits in greenhouses. The capital of Iceland, Reykjavik, and most cities and towns are heated entirely by hot springs.
On the North Island in the New Zealand archipelago, the Waimangu geyser operated until 1904. It was the largest geyser in the world. During a strong eruption, its stream was thrown to a height of 450 m. But now this geyser has completely disappeared, which is associated with an 11 m drop in the water level in the nearby Lake Tarawera. The eruption of another New Zealand geyser - Crow's Nest (Crow's Nest) on the shore of Lake Waikato - also depends on the water level in the lake. If the water is high, the geyser erupts every 40 minutes; if the water level is low, the eruption occurs after 2 hours.
Origin of geysers
Geysers occur in areas where, at a depth of several hundred meters, there is a rapid increase in water temperature to the boiling point. The geyser outlet channel has bends that prevent steam from escaping to the surface and cooling the water by convection. If, as a result of the formation of steam bubbles at depth, the liquid level in the channel rises so much that it spills onto the surface, then a drop in pressure can lead to the boiling of the remaining liquid, the formation of a large volume of superheated steam and the release of a jet of water to a great height. It is believed that most of the erupted water enters the geyser channel through cracks from the surface of the earth. However, high rock temperatures indicate the presence of recently solidified or solidifying magma at shallow depths; therefore, some of the water may be of magmatic origin. The alkaline waters of geysers contain dissolved silica. At the opening of the outlet channel, deposits of siliceous tuff (geyserite) form a cone several meters high.
In areas of modern volcanic activity or, conversely, late stages of volcanism, hot springs can form, periodically releasing steam and hot water. Such springs are called geysers, after the Geyser region in Iceland where they were first discovered. A gushing hot spring appears due to the fact that a channel in the earth is filled with superheated water, and when the steam pressure reaches a certain value, a column of boiling water is thrown out.
There are not many places on the planet where you can observe this unique natural phenomenon with your own eyes. Our guide will tell you where there are corners of untouched nature, in the middle of which the most incredible fountains of water erupt from the depths of the earth.
Great Geysir, Iceland
The geyser is located in a valley with the tricky name of Høykadalur. Geysir erupts rarely and can remain dormant for several years. During the period of activity, it throws hot water to a height of up to 60 meters.
Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone, USA
At intervals of approximately 63 minutes, the cone geyser ejects a stream of water 30 to 60 meters high, containing from 14 to 32 thousand liters of water. Old Faithful was the first geyser in Yellowstone National Park to receive a name. This happened back in 1870. Now the geyser’s power is gradually decreasing and the intervals between emissions are increasing.
Andernach, Germany
This is the world's largest cold geyser. It remains at rest for only 1.5 hours, after which it throws out a stream of water 50-60 meters away. It lasts approximately 8 minutes.
Suwako, Nagano, Japan
In Nagano, you can watch more than just snow monkeys warming up in the hot springs. One of the largest geysers in the world is located here. At intervals of about one hour, a stream of water 40-50 meters high erupts from the geyser.
Bufadora, Mexico
A 40-minute drive from the center of Ensenada is the world's largest marine geyser. The stream of water is displaced by the influence of air, which enters the sea caves. The height of the jet can reach 44 meters, and the phenomenon itself occurs every minute and is accompanied by a rumbling sound.
Velikan, Kamchatka, Russia
A fountain of hot water up to 35 meters high erupts from the largest geyser in the Valley of Geysers. The steam from the geyser can rise to a height of up to 300 meters. The eruption lasts about two minutes. During this time, the geyser releases about 25,000 liters of water into the air.
El Tatio, Chile
The Valley of Geysers is located in the Andes, at an altitude of 4320 meters. The place is recognized as the highest plateau in the world with geothermal geyser activity. There are about 80 active springs in the park. The maximum height of the eruptions is about 30 meters.
Pohutu, New Zealand
This geyser of the Rotorua Valley is considered the most powerful of all its geothermal sources. It throws a jet 30 meters high into the sky. The eruption of hot water and steam occurs approximately once an hour.
Castle Geyser, Yellowstone, USA
The geyser got its name thanks to its bizarre shapes, in which researchers spotted turrets and jagged edges reminiscent of the outlines of a castle. The geyser erupts every 10-12 hours, throwing a column of boiling water 27 meters high into the air within 20 minutes.
Strokkur, Iceland
The geyser is located in a geothermal region near the Khvitau River. It erupts every 4-8 minutes. The height of the jets varies between 15-20 meters. Sometimes the geyser puts on a real natural show, throwing out water and steam three times in a row.
Fly, USA
In 1916, a geothermal pocket was accidentally struck while drilling a well in northwestern Nevada. After almost 50 years, water from the depths began to seep to the surface, forming a bizarre landscape. The geyser produces jets to a height of only 1.5 meters, but thanks to its unusual shape and color, the action taking place fascinates with its natural beauty.
Geysers and their common companions, hot springs, are most often found in regions of volcanic activity. They occur when groundwater seeps deep underground, is heated by hot gases and lava and remains there until it makes its way to the surface of the earth. When the water seeks a way out, the pressure also increases.
Ultimately, it reaches such a magnitude that steam breaks through the cracks outward in the form of water columns and fountains.
Geysers get their name from a hot spring in southwest Iceland called "Geysir" by the first Norwegian colonists, which means "fountain" in Icelandic.
VALLEY OF TEN THOUSAND SMOKES
In 1916, four years after the eruption of Mount Katmai, three American scientists led by the famous volcanologist Griggs climbed a rocky taiga pass in the Alaska Range. From its two-kilometer height, they saw a wide flat valley stretching to the north, along the entire length of which white fountains of smoke roared out of the ground.
Griggs called this unusual area the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
On an old map created half a century earlier by Russian topographers, a wooded, narrow and deep valley of the Ukak River was shown at this place. Now in place of the valley there was a smooth, lifeless plain twenty kilometers long and five kilometers wide, dotted with many white fountains. Upon closer examination, it turned out that it was not smoke, but steam. But this circumstance did not in any way clarify the mystery of the origin of ten thousand “smoke”.
Only subsequent expeditions by Griggs to this volcanic region helped uncover the secret of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. It turned out that shortly before the explosion, an eruption began from the side crater of Katmai, or perhaps from cracks on its slopes, not of lava, but of fine volcanic sand. A cloud of hot grains of sand, each of which was enveloped in hot compressed gas, behaved like a liquid and flowed freely along the slope of the volcano into the valley.
Along the edges of the future Valley of a Thousand Smokes, the layer of sand reached thirty meters, and in the middle it exceeded two hundred. Trees on the slopes were felled and charred by the scorching sandy river. When the flow of volcanic dust stopped and the gases evaporated, the hot grains of sand fused together, forming a hard stone armor made of volcanic tuff.
But in some places cracks formed in it, and the waters of the Ukak River and numerous springs on its banks, evaporating under the hot “armor,” burst upward in the form of white streams of steam.
Over the years, the tuff cover began to gradually cool down, and the expedition of the French volcanologist Taziev, which visited the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes half a century later, discovered only five thousand steam fountains in it, and even in those the height and temperature of the jets became significantly lower.
In less than forty years, the venerable volcanologist sadly stated, the lower layers of the tuffs will cool completely, and then this wonderful natural monument will lose its most spectacular decoration.
Alas, Taziev turned out to be right. There is no more smoke in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes!
YELLOWSTONE GEYSERS
In the heart of the Rocky Mountains, at the junction of the states of Montana, Wyoming and Idaho, lies the “pearl of America” - Yellowstone National Park. The amazing nature of this unique corner of the Cordillera is its geysers and waterfalls, petrified forest and deposits of hot springs frozen in white cascades.
The park covers an area of almost 900 thousand hectares on a high-mountain (up to 2500 meters) plateau between the Gallatin and Absarot ranges, reaching 3800 meters in altitude. Both the plateau and the ridges are composed of volcanic rocks. Throughout the park you can see flows of solidified lava, and in the Obsidian River valley there is a huge cliff made entirely of volcanic glass. But traces of recent volcanic activity remained not only in the form of lava flows.
Here and there in the valley of the Yellowstone River, cutting through the plateau, there are hot springs, geysers and pools, and even whole “cauldrons” of hot gurgling mud. Hydrothermal phenomena reach their greatest scale on the banks of the Fire River. Here, in two areas - the Upper and Lower Geyser Basins - there are more than 40 geysers and thousands of hot springs.
The geyser pools of Yellowstone National Park are by far the grandest of all the geyser fields on the globe, although similar gushing hot springs are also found in Kamchatka, Iceland and New Zealand.
Some of Yellowstone's geysers shoot more than 100 meters, and the highest fountain exceeds 115 meters. The most powerful geyser throws out almost 4,000 tons of water at the moment of eruption tens of meters up!
The frequency of the “work” of these natural fountains is striking. Some of them erupt with an interval of 2-3 years, others fireworks with an interval of several days, and many small ones, two or three meters high, strike every 3-4 minutes.
The most popular geyser among tourists is the Old Faithful geyser. It erupts with constant precision every 65 minutes. A jet of boiling water half a meter in diameter flies up 50 meters. The eruption lasts 4-5 minutes, and then there is a break. But exactly an hour and five minutes later a new surge occurs, followed 5 minutes later by another calm.
Geyser "Giant" is called a "water volcano". At intervals of four days, it throws out a mighty column of boiling water to a height of 90 meters.
The “Big Flower Pot” mud geyser is original: in an oval stone bowl, tiny particles of white and pink porcelain clay boil and bubble in clouds of steam; Moreover, particles of different shades do not mix with each other.
The “Minute Man” geyser once a minute throws into the air a bouquet of many bluish jets, vaguely reminiscent of the figure of a man in a robe.
The Excelsior Geyser, one of the largest in the world, is called the marvel of Yellowstone. Its stream comes from a lake with rocky shores. Before the eruption, the surface of the lake begins to ripple, becomes enveloped in clouds of steam, and then, right from the center of the reservoir, a giant column of boiling water with a diameter of 10 meters and a height of almost 100 meters bursts out with a menacing roar!
Clouds of steam rise even higher - up to 300 meters. The surrounding area is filled with whistles, roars and roars, explosions are heard underground, stones fly high into the air, and the earth trembles underfoot. But gradually the roar subsides, the column of water becomes lower and suddenly disappears as unexpectedly as it appeared.
Around springs and geysers, a layer of yellowish-white loose rock - geyserite - is deposited on the surface of the earth. It is formed from silica dissolved in hot water, which precipitates when it cools. Often the mouth of a geyser or spring is a rather tall geyserite cone with a crater hole at the top, and then it really resembles a volcano, only spewing boiling water rather than lava.
At the northern border of the reserve there is another unique object - Mammoth Hot Springs. Here, the abundantly flowing hot waters deposited, as they cooled, calcium salts dissolved in them, forming picturesque terraces on the slopes, reminiscent of frozen waterfalls. The terraces are given their own names: the terrace of Jupiter, Minerva, Main and others.
The Jupiter terrace is especially striking with its fabulous beauty. This is a hill more than 100 meters high, along the steep slope of which rows of white, blue, green and yellow vases and bowls made of limestone tuff - travertine - descend in multi-colored cascades. Among them are matte and sparkling, like crystal, smooth and ribbed, dry and filled with hot water.
Water flowing down the walls of the cascades gives them the appearance of icy frozen waterfalls. The sizes of the bowls range from a few centimeters to 30 meters. Travertine deposition occurs at an astonishing rate. A knife, key or stone dipped into water in the evening is already covered with a shiny crust of crystals by the morning, and after a week the layer of travertine reaches a centimeter or more.
It is not easy to find a place on our planet where so many amazing natural wonders are gathered together.
ROTORUA VALLEY
New Zealand has so many amazing, exotic and one-of-a-kind natural phenomena and objects that no other region on Earth can compare with it in this regard.
But, of course, the main wonder of New Zealand is the famous Rotorua Valley. It is located in the center of the North Island on the Volcanic Plateau. The Maori, the long-time inhabitants of this island, named the valley Takiwa-Waiariki, which means “Land of Hot Water”.
Even on the streets of the town of Rotorua, you can see jets of white steam gushing from cracks in the sidewalks. Hundreds of hot and cold springs are located in the vicinity of the town and on the shores of the lake of the same name.
Naturally, Rotorua's main attraction is its famous geysers. There are dozens of them here, and the jets, shooting four to five meters high, envelop both the shore of Lake Rotorua and the outskirts of the village in clouds of steam.
The most powerful geyser, Pohutu, shoots a stream of boiling water thirty meters up. The water eruption lasts for an hour, or even longer. Sometimes several geysers erupt at the same time, and sometimes they “work” one by one, as if trying to outdo each other with the power of the jets and the unusual shape of the fountain.
The white siliceous deposits that decorate the openings of natural fountains have yellow tints, formed from hydrogen sulfide dissolved in water. Unfortunately, not all of this not very fragrant gas is precipitated in the form of sulfur emissions, and in the air of Rotorua, even on the approach to the lake, you can feel its specific “aroma”.
In 1900, a gigantic fountain of hot water burst out of the ground in Waimangu, the likes of which had never been seen in New Zealand. At that time, the Waimangu geyser was the most powerful in the world and threw out a powerful stream of water mixed with steam, stones and sand to a height of four hundred and fifty meters!
It raged and roared for hours, then fell silent, but after thirty hours it again threw out a fountain of boiling water. It was not easy to calculate the time when the next water eruption would begin, and several inquisitive onlookers paid with their lives for trying to study the silent giant.
For four years, a giant geyser raged in the valley, stunning eyewitnesses with the fantastic size of its fountain. Then the Waimangu stream began to weaken, and in 1908 the geyser ceased to exist.
Another thermal area lies fifty kilometers south of Rotorua, near New Zealand's largest lake Taupo. Here, in the Wairakei Valley, is the famous Karapiti “steam cave”, from which clouds of steam burst out with enormous force, filling the surrounding area with a terrifying roar. The world's first geothermal power plant using groundwater was built here in 1958.
GEYSERS OF KAMCHATKA
Nature reliably hid the Kamchatka miracle from people. Only in April 1941, geologist Ustinova, while examining the non-freezing Shumnaya River, flowing from the Uzon volcanic caldera, accidentally noticed a fountain of steaming water rising on one of its tributaries.
Further study of the tributary showed that in its valley there are 21 more large geysers and many pulsating hot springs, boiling colorful lakes, steam-water jets and gurgling mud pots. This tributary was named the Geysernaya River.
It is difficult to convey the impression that this amazing place makes on a traveler! The whole valley seems to be smoking, emitting clouds of white steam and jets of boiling water; all around there is an incessant roar, whistle, hissing, gurgling and splashes, making one involuntarily recall the picture of hell described by the great Dante.
The largest of the geysers, the Giant, erupts every five hours. At the same time, a meter-thick stream of boiling water soars to a height of forty meters, and clouds of steam rise to three hundred meters! A kind of “scum” of mineral salts, deposited as the water cools, formed a cone with a diameter of thirty meters at the base of the geyser. Other geysers, as well as pulsating springs, have similar cones of geyserite.
Geyserite can be yellow, brownish, pink and even greenish, depending on the composition of the precipitating salts. One of the geysers was even called Sugar - its geyserite cone looks so much like a pile of burnt sugar. The Fountain Geyser is the most active: every 17 minutes it throws out its powerful jet to the height of a seven-story building.
And the Weeping Geyser is distinguished by the peculiar nature of the gurgling it produces: it looks like a dull sob. The Vodopadny geyser is very impressive, below which a stream of boiling water falls from the cliff with a 27-meter waterfall.
Siberian miracle
In the newspaper Irkutsk Vedomosti for 1913, a note was published about a strange phenomenon that happened in February. And this event was truly unique. The fact is that in the middle of a fierce winter, peasants once saw above the snow that covered the fields with winter crops, a strange bluish glow that hung for several days in a row.
And when the glow disappeared, in one night the snow melted, and the exposed earth suddenly turned green, like in spring.
And a little later, hot springs appeared in the fields, the streams of which reached several meters. This phenomenon continued for nine months, until the onset of the next winter.
GEYSERS OF ICELAND
In no other European country do ice fields occupy so much space: an eighth of the entire territory! The largest glacier, Vatnajökull (translated as “glacier that gives water”), is located in the southeast of the island. This is a vast ice plateau, pierced in eight places by the points of extinct and active volcanoes.
In addition to the huge amount of ice, the island also has its own valley of geysers - Haukadalur. It is located a hundred kilometers east of Reykjavik, at the foot of the Langjökull glacier. It is here that the famous Great Geyser is located, which at one time amazed the first settlers of Iceland. This was the first natural hot fountain that Europeans saw. Subsequently, all gushing hot springs began to be named after him.
The three-meter vent of the Great Geyser opens in the middle of a bowl-shaped pool of white calcareous tuff. It is filled with turquoise-colored boiling water, which either splashes out to the bottom of the bowl, then goes back into the hole. Finally, the geyser gathers its strength and throws a powerful jet 40-60 meters high into the sky three times in a row.
This “fireworks” lasts ten minutes, and then the water and steam seem to be drawn back into the vent. Recently, the Great Geyser has been erupting less and less. But its neighbor, the Stockr geyser, is still full of energy and punctually delights tourists with its jets, soaring 30-40 meters upward.
Another geyser valley is located at the northern edge of the already mentioned large Vatnajökull glacier, next to the Kverkfjell volcano. In total, Iceland has 250 groups of thermal springs, including 7,000 hot springs - more than anywhere else in the world.
This is not surprising - after all, the temperature of the island’s interior is very high. In some places it increases by half a degree with every meter of depth. (For comparison: in Moscow this figure is one hundredth of a degree per meter).
Lesson – travel “Volcanism”. (slide number 1)
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
expand and deepen knowledge about volcanoes and their structure, introduce them to the geography of their location;
identify the causes of volcanoes, geysers and hot springs;
Educational:
develop the ability to compare, analyze, and draw conclusions;
to promote the aesthetic education of schoolchildren using the example of works of literature and art;
Educational:
to form ideas about professions related to geographical sciences, to cultivate interest in the subject.
Equipment: multimedia equipment, presentation, atlases, technological lesson maps.
Lesson type: lesson formation of skills and abilities.
Basic terms and concepts: volcano, volcano crater and crater, lava, volcanic eruption, volcanic focus, active and extinct volcanoes, geyser.
During the classes
Ι. Organizing time
Today our lesson will take place in an unusual form. I would like to invite everyone present to take a journey into the depths of the lithosphere. Let's smile at each other, tune in to search and creativity, and start the lesson.
ΙΙ. Updating the basic knowledge and skills of students.
But before we go on a trip, we will collect a store of knowledge that we may need on the road. I suggest you solve the crossword puzzle. It contains concepts that we studied in previous lessons.
Working with slides No. 2-10 Crossword
1. Vibrations propagating in the Earth from earthquake sources are seismic...
2. The place on the earth's surface where the most significant destruction occurs.
4. The continent of the southern hemisphere, formed as a result of the split of the continent of Pangea.
5. A layer of the mantle located at a depth of 150 km from the surface of the earth.
6. A device that records vibrations of the earth's crust.
7. Earthquake source
9. Waves resulting from an earthquake.
Luggage collected. Let's hit the road!
ΙΙΙ. Learning new material.
Magma rushes out through the vent
She really needs a way out of the crater,
If passage to the surface is given to her,
So the terrible one woke up... volcano
What natural phenomenon will we talk about today? (about volcanoes)
Communicating the topic and objectives of the lesson. Slide number 11
Children, each of you has a technology lesson card on your desk, which you will work with as you study a new topic. Write down the topic of the lesson:
1. Ancient people’s idea of volcanoes.
What associations does the word “volcano” evoke in you? ( children more often answer “fire-breathing mountain”).
Let's listen to Zhenya Filinkov and find out where the name of this natural phenomenon came to us. (Annex 1) Slide number 12
2. How volcanoes formSlide number 13
In the upper part of the mantle there is a layer of asthenosphere, the substance of which is in a viscous state and has a high temperature. Here it is formed magma- molten mantle material saturated with gases. Under pressure, magma rises up through cracks in the earth's crust. This phenomenon is called magmatism.
A distinction is made between internal and external magmatism.
Slide number 14
With internal magmatism, magma does not reach the earth's surface and solidifies in cracks in the earth's crust. If this happens close to the surface of the earth, then low mountains are formed - laccoliths, which are also called “failed” volcanoes. An example of laccoliths is Mount Ayu-Dag in Crimea.
External magmatism is also called volcanism.
Volcanism is accompanied by underground noise, explosions, and earthquakes. It is associated with the release of magma to the surface of the land or the ocean floor, which is called an eruption.
What are volcanoes?
Slide number 15
Volcanoes- these are conical mountains composed of products of their eruptions. (exercise 1)
3. The structure of the volcano.Slide number 16
Let's look at the diagram "Structure of a volcano". (task 2)
Under pressure, molten magma rises to the earth's surface through a channel called volcano crater.
A cup-shaped depression forms at the top of the volcano - crater. Lava pours out of it onto the earth's surface, gases and water vapor come out, ash and stones fly out (volcanic bombs).
There may be several craters. They are called lateral.
The magma that pours onto the surface loses some of its gases and turns into lava. Solidified lava forms volcano cones.
Slide number 17
A volcanic eruption is one of the most dangerous events on Earth. During it, the earth shakes. With a roar, the volcano throws out clouds of hot ash, and hot lava flows along the slopes. The temperature of the fire rivers exceeds 1000 degrees. Volcanic gases rush down the slope at a speed of 300 km/h, burning everything in its path.
Slide No. 18 Video "Volcanic eruption"
4. Silent witnesses of volcanic activity.
A volcanic eruption always amazes with its power, a menacing, but magnificent picture, when you see it you understand the power of natural processes. Volcanic eruptions can lead to catastrophic consequences, often accompanied by large casualties. Suffice it to recall the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Italy. This eruption destroyed three rich ancient Roman cities - Stabia, Herculaneum and Pompeii.
Slide number 19
Ponomareva Nastya prepared interesting information about the tragic fate of these ancient cities. (Appendix 2) Slide No. 19-20
Years passed.. Soil formed on the surface of the ash and lava, and new settlements arose. Residents of new cities began to find dishes and household utensils in the ground. They dug up a whole street. And the ancient city of Pompeii, which was buried many years ago, appeared before the eyes of people...
5. Types of volcanoes.(task 3) Slide number 20
According to their activity, volcanoes are divided into 3 groups:
There are about 850 on the globe existing volcanoes, although these figures differ in different sources of information. There are active volcanoes on all continents except Australia.
Slide number 21
These are the volcanoes Klyuchevskaya Sopka (the highest active volcano in Eurasia - 4750m), Krakatau, Fuji, etc.
There are volcanoes of which no information has been preserved about their eruption. Their active life in the past is evidenced by the cone-shaped shape of the mountain and the crater at the top.
This extinct volcanoes. These include volcano. Elbrus in the Caucasus mountain system, vol. Kilimanjaro in Africa,
There is also asleep volcanoes. These are the ones that were considered extinct, but they began to erupt again.
Slide number 22 Almost half of active volcanoes are located in areas of seismic belts.
Slide number 23 Pacific Ring of Fire region. The region in the Pacific Ocean is a strip of active volcanoes, a belt of active volcanic activity. In total, there are 328 active volcanoes in this zone.
Slide number 24
Volcanoes form not only on land, but also on the bottom of the oceans. If a volcano rises above the surface of the water, it forms an island of volcanic origin. For example, Hawaiian, Kuril Islands.
6. Volcanologist is a dangerous profession. Slide number 25
The study of volcanoes is carried out by people whose profession is one of the most dangerous in the world - volcanologists. One of the representatives of this profession was the Polish volcanologist and writer Harun Taziev. He descended into the craters of many volcanoes around the world, wrote many books, and made several films.
The lines you are about to hear colorfully and succinctly describe the hard work of volcanologists. And Natasha Vasilyeva will read them to us.
(Appendix 3)
7. Hot springs and geysers.
Slide number 26
Hot springs are found in areas of active and extinct volcanoes. The water temperature of the hot springs is quite high. In winter, when the air temperature is -25 ◦C, there are a lot of swimmers in reservoirs filled with water from hot springs. This water is also used to heat rooms.
Hot springs flow quietly from cracks in the earth's crust.
Sources that periodically emit hot water and steam are called geysers. Slide number 27(task 4)
How can we explain this mystery of nature?
Geysers - These are periodically gushing hot springs common in areas of modern or recently ceased volcanic activity. With an explosion and roar, a huge column of boiling water, shrouded in thick clouds of steam, flies up, sometimes reaching 80 m. The fountain beats for a while, then disappears, the clouds of steam dissipate, and peace sets in.
Slide number 28
Geyser operation diagram. Pressurized water in underground voids gradually heats up above 100°. When it reaches a critical temperature, it boils. The resulting steam noisily ejects from the geyser, carrying boiling water with it.
Some geysers emit water very low or only spray it. Geysers are a very rare and beautiful natural phenomenon. They are found in Kamchatka, Iceland, New Zealand and North America. Small single geysers are found in some other volcanic areas of the globe.
Slide number 29
In Russia, on the Kamchatka Peninsula there is the Valley of Geysers. There are 20 large and 300 small geysers located there.
Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka.
Slide number 30
The largest Kamchatka geyser is the Giant, which throws out a fountain with a diameter of up to 3 m and a height of 40-50 m. It gushes every 5-6 hours. The geyser water is mineral and contains salts of various substances. Cooling on the surface of the earth, it resembles snow - these are layers of the mineral geyserite.
Video "Geysers"
ΙV. Consolidation of the studied material.
Practical work No. Drawing volcanoes on a contour map
Slide number 31
Using the Map of lithospheric plates atlas p. We will now put on the contour map the volcanoes Vesuvius, Krakatoa, Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Hekla, Kilimanjaro, Fujiyama, Orizaba, Cotopaxi, Llullaillaco, Cameroon. Find them in the atlas. Have you already noticed how volcanoes are marked?
* Vlk. Vesuvius
The names of objects are written along the parallels. (task 5)
2. task No. 6 “Find a pair” Slide number 32
Summing up the lesson.
Our lesson's journey from volcano to volcano is coming to an end, and I would like you to read, choose and complete one of the sentences.
Homework.. Slide number 33
Textbook material pp. 58 - 63.
Annex 1
The word "volcano" comes from the Latin "volcanus", which means "fire, flame".
Near Italy, in the Iberian Sea, washing the shores of the Apennine Peninsula, there is a small island of Vulcano. A seemingly inconspicuous mountain rose on it. But for a long time, from time to time, she reminded of herself. First, a strong roar was heard, which shook the entire island. Then black smoke and bright red flames burst out from its top, and hot stones flew out. This really scared the locals. Observing the terrible spectacle, they believed that there, deep in the bowels of the earth, were the domains of the god of fire and blacksmithing, Vulcan... Therefore, the ancient Romans called the fire-breathing mountains volcanoes. This name has survived to this day, although scientists have long established the true causes of volcanic eruptions.
Appendix 2
Vesuvius was a picturesque mountain. It rose majestically above the Mediterranean Sea. The sweetest grapes grew on the slopes of the mountain, and three cities flourished on the coast - Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia. Tragedy struck the city of Pompeii on August 24, 79 AD. e. The entire horror of this natural disaster is reflected in Karl Bryullov’s canvas “The Last Day of Pompeii.”
People, mad with fear and horror, fled. They stumbled and fell, dying right on the streets. Many found their death under the ruins of houses and were crushed by roofs that collapsed under the weight of the ash. The city was covered with a layer of ash up to 3 meters thick.
Appendix 3.
We are sons of the volcano...
The crater thunders, beckoning.
We must find out
Secrets of the God of Fire.
The slag under your feet is hot,
The cinder cone is steep,
The bomb flies like a ball
Bombs are smoking all around.
The steps uphill are heavy,
Hail flows down the helmets.
Stubborn, stubborn and angry,
We're going straight to hell.
Ashes in the eyes and mouth,
Explosions are like lightning,
Sweat black as tar
Dripping from our faces.
Sulfur dioxide eater -
Clenching your teeth, hold on!
Life is given to us once,
We put our lives on the line!
Technological map (below)
Lesson topic………………………
Volcano is …………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………
Complete the diagram "Structure of a volcano"
Groups of volcanoes
Fill out the diagram
vent
Bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano
"Find a Pair"Crater
Sources that periodically emit hot water and steam are called
Volcano
Conical mountains formed by the products of their eruptions.
Geyser
Channel through which magma moves to the earth's crust
(video about geysers)
Consolidation
- So, we have studied a new topic! Let's summarize, what did you learn new in the lesson?
Children's answers to quiz questions.
What is the name of the depression at the top of a volcano?Crater
What is the name of the erupted magma? Lava
What is the name of the channel through which lava rises?vent
What is the name of the highest volcano in Russia?Klyuchevskaya Sopka
What are gushing hot springs called?Geysers
What are volcanoes called that have never erupted in human history?Extinct
A complex process in which magma rises from the depths of the earth, breaks through the earth's crust, and pours out to the surface? Volcanism
What are the products of volcanic eruptions?(Gases, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, volcanic ash, volcanic bombs
Lesson summary.
So, today, during the lesson, we guys managed to form ideas about the formation, structure, and types of volcanic eruptions. Thanks everyone for your work. The teacher gives each student a grade, which he justifies.
Homework.
Paragraph. While reading the paragraph, create a crossword puzzle on the topic: “Volcanoes and geysers.” Mark extinct and active volcanoes on the contour map: Cotopaxi, Kilimanjaro, Vesuvius, Etna, Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Krakatoa, Hekla, Elbrus.
Geysers are located near active or relatively recently dormant volcanoes. The heat spreading from the magma chamber heats the groundwater almost to a boil, which fills cracks and faults near the surface. Geyser eruptions have nothing in common with volcanic eruptions. However, for geysers to erupt, heat coming from the volcano is required. That's why geysers...
- Introduction
- 1. General information about geysers
- 2.
Geysers as tourism objects
- 2. 1.
Valley of Geysers, Kamchatka, Russia
- 2. 1. 1. general information
- 2. 1. 2. Geyser Giant
- 2. 1. 3. Geyser Triple
- 2. 1. 4. Tourism opportunities
- 2. 2.
Yellowstone National Park, USA
- 2. 2. 1. General information
- 2. 2. 2. Geysers and thermal springs
- 2. 2. 3. Tourism opportunities
- 2. 1.
Valley of Geysers, Kamchatka, Russia
Geysers as tourism objects (essay, coursework, diploma, test)
1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT GEYSERS The word “geyser” is of Icelandic origin; it comes from “geiza,” which means “to gush.” A geyser is a source that periodically ejects fountains of hot water and steam to a height of 20−40 m or more. They are hot steam-water springs that periodically gush; they get their name from the Geysir region of Iceland, where they were first observed. Geysers are one of the manifestations of volcanism, therefore they are found in areas of manifestation of modern and recent volcanic activity: in Iceland, Italy, on the island. Java, in New Zealand (northern island), in Yellowstone National Park in America, geysers are also noted in Tibet at an altitude of 4700 m above sea level. In the Geysernaya Valley in Kamchatka, 12 large geysers and several dozen small ones have been described. The water temperature at the outlet of the containing channels is close to the boiling point and, depending on the area, ranges from 80 to 100°. The height of the gushing varies, sometimes reaching 50 m and above. One of the largest geysers in Yellowstone Park, “Giant,” shoots out a column of water and steam up to 40 m high with a temperature of 94.8°.
The well-known Great Geyser in Iceland gushes to a height of about 30 liters for 10 minutes every 2430 hours. The channel from which the steam-water fountains are emitted has a diameter of 3 m and is surrounded in the shape of a cone by siliceous deposits of the geyser. At the top of the cone there is a pool with a diameter of 18 m and a depth of 2 m, periodically filled with hot water. The water temperature on the surface of the pool is about 8082°, and in the channel, at the depth of the bottom of the pool, it reaches 120°.
In 1941, T.I. Ustinova discovered numerous geysers in Kamchatka, in the valley of the river. Noisy, in the vicinity of the Kikhpinych hill. At least 22 large and about a hundred small geysers were discovered here. Another river of Kamchatka is called Geysernaya. There are about 20 large geysers in its valley, and among them is the largest geyser in Kamchatka, called the Giant. It throws out a fountain of water up to 40 m high, and a column of steam rises up to several hundred meters.
The eruption of the geyser is a very beautiful sight. Enveloped in steam, a powerful jet of boiling water rushes up with a roar, scattering at a great height into myriads of splashes. The fountain flows for a while, and then the stream suddenly disappears, the steam dissipates and everything calms down. And after a certain time everything repeats again. As a rule, there is a small natural pool around the geyser with a diameter of up to several meters. The ground near the geyser is usually very warm, even hot.
The main thing that distinguishes geysers from other warm and hot springs is the frequency of their action. The time intervals between eruptions vary from geyser to geyser. Some geysers emit a stream of boiling water every 10-20 minutes, others only once or twice a month. Thus, eruptions of the Old Faithful geyser, located on the territory of Yellowstone National Park in the US state of Wyoming, repeat every 50-70 minutes. Almost all geysers erupt last only a few minutes.
There is no water in the geyser basin immediately after the next eruption has stopped. In the center of the pool there is a hole; this is a geyser tube going deep into the channel. For example, at the Great Geyser in Iceland, the tube has a diameter of 3 m and goes 23 m deep. Before the eruption begins, water rises through the tube and gradually fills the pool. At the same time, it bubbles, then a fountain of boiling water shoots up. At the end of the eruption, the water from the pool goes into the tube.
Geysers are located near active or relatively recently dormant volcanoes. The heat spreading from the magma chamber heats the groundwater almost to a boil, which fills cracks and faults near the surface. Geyser eruptions have nothing in common with volcanic eruptions. However, for geysers to erupt, heat coming from the volcano is required.
The mechanism of operation of the geyser, in the diagram, is as follows: in the thickness of the Earth there is a channel that bends in a zigzag manner and is filled with superheated water, i.e., water at a temperature close to the boiling point at the pressures that exist in the channel. When the steam pressure reaches a certain strength, the water from the channel is pushed out; this leads to a decrease in pressure, and thereby to the immediate conversion of significant quantities of superheated water into steam. Then steam and water are ejected from the canal in a strong stream, forming a fountain that shoots to a height of several meters.
The hot waters of geysers contain a large amount of minerals, especially silicon oxide. When geysers gush, these minerals are deposited around the outlet channel, sometimes forming large cones. Such mineral formations are called geyserites.
Where geysers occur, there are always a large number of hot springs and steam jets. They are classified as ordinary thermal springs; they function almost stably. Geysers can be called unusual thermal springs: they are characterized by a periodic explosive nature of functioning and violent eruptions occur at certain intervals.
From a physics point of view, there is a fundamental difference between geysers and ordinary thermal springs, which predetermines the significantly different nature of their functioning. In both cases, there are processes of heat supply, which comes from the magma chamber, and processes of heat removal, which is somehow transferred to the environment. In the case of thermal sources, there is a constant balance between heat supply and heat removal: how much heat the source receives per unit time, the same amount of heat it loses per unit time. In the case of a geyser, there is no such balance. At all stages of geyser activity, with the exception of the eruption stage, heat supply is greater than heat removal, and therefore the water in the geyser tube is gradually heated. Sooner or later, this leads to an explosion: the heat removal process suddenly changes qualitatively, the water in the tube boils, and the geyser erupts. At the stage of geyser eruption, the heat removal is significantly greater than the heat supply.
It has been established that a geyser is always preceded by a thermal source (hot or boiling), in which the processes of heat supply and heat removal are balanced. Under certain conditions, the balance is disrupted and the source goes into geyser mode, that is, it turns into a geyser. Analysis of the conditions for such a transition is quite complicated. Let us only note that in this case, an important role is played by changes in the convection processes occurring in the water mass of the source, as well as the emergence of conditions that prevent the free exit of steam from the system. Sometimes the transition and geyser mode occurs as a result of a slight decrease in the cross-sectional area of the tube.
Conclusions Geysers are a complex geological and natural phenomenon. Confinement to certain geological structures determines their low prevalence. It has been established that geysers were originally thermal springs, which under certain conditions turned into geysers.
Bibliography
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- Gorshkov G. P. Earthquake on the territory of the Soviet Union- M.: Nedra, 1949.
- Ustinova T. I. Geyser in the valley of the Shumnaya River// Bulletin. volcanologist, senior in Kamchatka (USSR Academy of Sciences). - 1946. - No. 12a.
- Ustinova T. I. Geysers in Kamchatka// Izv. VGO. - 1946. - issue. 46.
- Ustinova T. I. Kamchatka geysers. M.: Nedra, 1949.
- Holmes A. Fundamentals of Physical Geology.M.: Nauka, 1949.
- Silkin B.I. Hydrothermal activity in Yellowstone Lake// Nature. 2002. - No. 2. pp. 62−66.
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- http://www.travel.ru
- http://www.kamchatka.org.ru
